BapJw
PamAs¯ Ckveman tIcf lÂJbpsS apJ]{XamWv {]t_m[\w hmcnI. PamA¯nsâ HutZymKnI \b§fpw ImgvN¸mSpIfpw hnÚm]\§fpsaÃmw {]t_m[\ ¯neqsSbmWv {]Xy£s¸SmdpÅXv. AtXkabw, {]t_m[\ ¯n hcp¶sXÃmw PamA¯nsâ HutZymKnI ImgvN¸mSpIfÃ. `n¶ ho£W¡mÀ¡pw {]t_m[\w AXnsâ t]PpIÄ A\phZn¡mdpWvSv.

1949 BKÌnemWv {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ BZy e¡w ]pd ¯nd§nbXv. {]Xn]£]{Xw (ssZzhmcnI) Bbncp¶p A¶v. P.C tIcf LSI¯nsâ Øm]I³ IqSnbmb lmPn hn.]n. apl½Zen kmln_pw sI.kn A_vZpà auehnbpambncp¶p AWnbd inÂ]nIÄ. FSbqcn lmPn kmln_n\Sp¯pÅ ]pÃw]d¼n \akvImc]Ån(C¶s¯ akvPnZp Cemlv)bn sh¨mWv Ccphcpw ]{X¯nsâ amädpIÄ Xbmdm¡nbncp¶Xv. A¨Sn¨Xv Xncqcnse Pamen¿ {]Ênepw.

{]t_m[\ ¯nsâ \bw {]Jym]n¨psImWvSv {]Ya e¡¯n AhscgpXn:

""\nehnencn¡p¶ GsX¦nepsamcp I£nsb FXnÀ¡pIsb¶Xv R§fpsS Dt±iyaÃ. a\pjycn R§Ä¡v i{Xp¡fmbn BcpwXs¶ CÃ. FÃm kapZmb¡mscbpw hÀK¡mscbpw ktlmZc§fmbn«mWv R§Ä ho£n¡p¶Xv. kXyw AsXhnsSbmsW¦nepw, GXp kapZmb¯nsâtbm GXp hÀK¯nsâtbm ssIhiamsW¦nepw R§fpsS an{XamWv. AkXyw AXv R§fn Xs¶bmsW¦nepw R§fpsS i{XphmWv. Npcp¡¯n R§Ä¡v hyànItfmtSm tKm{X§tfmtSm kapZmb§tfmtSm tZi¡mtcmtSm AÃ, Ahcn hà A{Iahpw A\oXnbpw ImWs¸Sp¶psh¦n AXnt\mSmWv i{XpXbpw AhÚbpapÅXv. A¯cw ss]imNnIhr¯nIfnÂ\n¶v P\§sf hntamNn¸n¡m\pw a\pjyXzhpw [mÀanIt_m[hpw Ahcn hfÀ¯n Ahsc ]ckv]cw an{X§fm¡n¯oÀ¡m\pw R§Ä Ignbp¶{X {ian¡p¶XmWv.''

"".........Cu Nn´bpw IÀ¯hyt_m[hpamWv `mjm]camb {]mYanIÚm\w t]mepanÃm¯ R§sf cwK{]thi¯n\v \nÀ_ÔnXcm¡nbXv. Ckvemansâ hnhn[ hi§sf hniZoIcn¨pw A\nkvemanI]²XnIsf \ncq]Ww sNbvXpw {]apJ ]ÞnX·mÀ FgpXnb teJ\§Ä {]kn²oIcn¡m³ R§Ä {ian¡p¶XmWv. kz´w teJ\§sfgpXn {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xp e£yambn kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\p]Icw P\§fn ssZht_m[hpw aX`ànbpw kZmNmc\njvTbpapWvSm¡n Ahsc kÂ]ÙmhneqsS Ncn¡m³ klmbn¡p¶, alm·mscgpXnb AaqeyteJ\§Ä {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xn\mbncn¡pw R§Ä ap³KW\ \ÂIpI. {]t_m[\ s¯ `mjm]cambn«Ã, Bib]cambn«mWv am\yhmb\¡mÀ ho£nt¡WvSXv.''

"".........sXtäm icntbm Fs¶m¶pw t\m¡msX hmb\¡mcpsS A`ojvS¯n\pw A`ncpNn¡psam¯ kma{KnIÄ tiJcn¨psImSp¡pIsb¶ ]ng¨ ]{X{]hÀ¯\k{¼Zmb¯n\p]Icw P\§fpsS ho£WKXnsbbpw A`ncpNnsbbpw kXy¯ns\m¯p amäm³ {ian¡pIsb¶XmWv R§fpsS \bw.......''

ta hnhcn¨ \bw Gsd¡psd AtX ]Sn C¶pw {]t_m[\w XpSÀ¶phcp¶p.

1959 Ahkm\t¯msSbmWv {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ Hm^okpw {]Êpw P.C tIcf LSI¯nsâ Hm^okpw tImgnt¡ms« shÅnamSpIp¶nte¡v amänbXv. AtXmsSm¸w Sn. apl½Zv ]{Xm[n]cpw Sn.sI. A_vZpà kl ]{Xm[n]cpw sI.Fw. A_vZp AlZv {]n âdpw ]»njdpambn NmÀsPSp¯p.

1964 {]t_m[\w {]Xn]£ ]{Xw hmcnIbpw amknIbpambn hnIkn¨p. Ct¸mÄ am[yaw Zn\]{X¯nsâ FUnädmb H. A_vZpÀdlvam³ Cu amä¯n Imcyamb ]¦p hln¨n«pWvSv. 1987 apX amknI \nÀ¯n hmcnI am{XamWv {]kn²oIcn¨phcp¶Xv. tImgnt¡mSv BØm\ambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ CkvemanIv kÀhokv {SÌn(sF.Fkv.Sn)\mWv {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ DSamhImiw.

aX\thm°m\ cwK¯v

{]t_m[\w AXnsâ BZy\mfpIfn Xs¶ aebmf¯nse Gähpw {]NmcapÅ CkvemanI{]kn²oIcWw F¶ Øm\w t\Sn¡gnªncp¶p. AÃmlphnsâ A\p{Kl¯m C¶pw hmcnI B Øm\w \ne\nÀ¯p¶pWvSv. CkvemanI]{X{]hÀ¯\cwK¯v Ht«sd ]pXnb NmepIÄ sh«n¡odm\pw AwKoIcn¸n¡m\pw CXn\Iw Cu {]kn²oIcW¯n\v Ignªp.

sshÚm\nIaqeyapÅ Hcp hmb\mioew hfÀ¯nsbSp¯p F¶XmWv {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ Gähpw al¯mb t\«w. Cu hmb\mioew A\phmNIcpsS Nn´maÞew hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xnepw kmwkvImcnI \nehmcapbÀ¯p¶Xnepw hepXmb ]¦p hln¨n«pWvSv. {]Xn]£_lpam\hpw am\yXbpw Xpfp¼p¶ BibmhXcWhpw ip²hpw kpµchpamb `mjm{]tbmKhpw F¶pw {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ khntijXIfmbncp¶p. Ckvemw aXmZÀi§Ä kpµcamb aebmf`mjbn AhXcn¸n¡m³ Ignbpsa¶pw A§s\ AhXcn¸n¨m AXv At\zjIsc IqSpX BIÀjn¡psa¶pw aXkmlnXyaÞes¯ t_m[ys¸Sp¯nbXv {]t_m[\ amWv.

apkvenwcmjv{S§sfbpw BtKmfapkvenwkaqls¯bpw apkvenwtemI¯pfhmbns¡mWvSncn¡p¶ kw`hhnImk§sfbpw ]pXnb ]pXnb Nn´m{]Øm\§sfbpw tIcfob apkvenwIÄ¡v ]cnNbs¸Sp¯ns¡mSp¡p¶Xn {]t_m[\ t¯mfw ]¦phln¨ asämcp {]kn²oIcWhpanÃ. temIapkvenw ]ÞnX·mÀ CXc `mjIfn cNn¨ Kl\amb sshÚm\nI teJ\§Ä aebmf¯nte¡v XÀPa sNbvXp {]Ncn¸n¡pI Hcp Øncw k{¼Zmbambn kzoIcn¨Xpw {]t_m[\ amWv. {]t_m[\w {]Ncn¸n¨ Ckvemansâ ka{KX, kmÀhP\o\X, cmjv{Sobkn²m´w XpS§nb hnjb§Ä ]WvSv ]e apkvenwkwLS\IÄ¡pw Xosc AtcmNIambncp¶p. Ckvemw Hcp k¼qÀW PohnX]²XnbmWv F¶ ap{ZmhmIyw C¶nt¸mÄ AhscÃmhcpw GsäSp¯pIgnªp. Zo\o{]kn²oIcW¯n cmjv{Sob AhtemI\§fpw hnebncp¯epIfpw{]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xns\ ]cnlkn¨hÀ Ct¸mÄ kz´w PnlzIfnepwAXns\ms¡ Øew IWvSpXpS§n. ]cnjvIrXhpw hnIkzchpamb {]t_m[\coXnIÄ IsWvS¯p¶Xnepw ImeL«¯nsâ Bhiy§tfmSv bYmkabw kaÀYambn {]XnIcn¡p¶Xnepw {]t_m[\w BcpsSbpw ap¼nembncp¶p.

hnZym`ymkam[yaw

JpÀB³, kp¶¯v, hmb\¡mcpsS ^nJvln¿mb kwib§Ä¡pÅ adp]Sn, Ncn{Xw F¶nhbpsS {Iam\pKXamsbmcp ]mTmhen IqSnbmWv {]t_m[\w . amknI {]kn²oIcn¨pXpS§nbt¸mÄ Cu Øncw ]mT§Ä amknIbnemWpÄs¡mÅn¨ncp¶Xv. '87þ amknI \nÀ¯nbtXmsS hmcnIbn {]kn²w sNbvXpXpS§n. 1957 P\phcnbn {]Xn]£]{Xambncp¶ Ime¯v (]pkvXIw:11, e¡w:9) Bcw`n¨ X^vloap JpÀB³ 1998 Unkw_dn ]qÀ¯nbmbn (hmcnI ]pkvXIw:55, e¡w:27).

Cu ]c¼c 6 _rlZv hmfy§fpÅ {KÙambn CXn\Iw At\Iw ]Xn¸pIÄ {]kn²oIrXambn«pWvSv. hmcnIbn X^vloap JpÀB³ Ahkm\n¨Xns\XpSÀ¶v F.ssh.BÀ Bcw`n¨ "JpÀB³ t_m[\w' F¶ JpÀB³ ]T\]wàn Ct¸mgpw XpSÀ¶phcp¶p. Cu ]c¼cbpsS A ^mXnl apX A amCZ: hscbpÅ `mKw aq¶p hmfy§fnembn ]pkvXIcq]¯n {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p.

sXcsªSp¡s¸« \qdpIW¡n lZokpIÄ amknIbneqsSbpw hmcnIbneqsSbpw XÀPa sN¿s¸SpIbpw hymJym\n¡s¸SpIbpapWvSmbn. CXnsâbpw Iptd `mK§Ä ]pkvXIambn {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«n«pWvSv.

1956 HIvtSm_dn (]pkvXIw 11, e¡w 3) Bcw`n¨ DkvXmZv k¿nZv km_nJnsâ hnJymX IÀaimkv{XIrXnbmb ^nJvlpÊp¶ bpsS ]cn`mjbmWv {]t_m[\w aebmf¯n\v \ÂInb asämcp hnes¸« kw`mh\. 1996 s^{_phcnbn (]pkvXIw: 52, e¡w: 37) BWv CXnsâ XÀPa hmcnIbn Ahkm\n¨Xv. Cu ]cn`mjbpsS {KÙcq]w Hähmfyambpw ]e hmfy§fmbpw CXn\Iw At\Iw ]Xn¸pIÄ ]pd ¯nd§nbncn¡p¶p.

Sn. apl½Zv kmln_v {]t_m[\w amknIbnsegpXns¡mWvSncp¶ ]e teJ\§fpw ]n ¶oSv ]pkvXI§fmbn kamlcn¡s¸SpIbpWvSmbn. kmwkvImcnI{]hÀ¯IcpsSbpw A¡mZaojy·mcpsSbpw khntij{i² ]nSn¨p]änb "`mcXobkwkvImc¯nsâ ASnsbmgp¡pIÄ' F¶ IrXn A¡q«¯nsem¶mIp¶p. hmcnIbn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸« kÀhXv kue¯nsâ "CkvemanIkaql¯nsâ kw£n]vXNcn{Xw' \mep `mK§fpÅ {KÙambn ]pd¯ph¶ncn¡p¶p. {]t_m[\ ¯neqsS shfn¨w IWvS thsdbpw ]e cN\IÄ ]p kvXI§fmbn h¶n«pWvSv.

km[mcW hmb\¡msc khntijw BIÀjn¨ cWvSp ]wànIfmWv 1970þ amknIbn XpS§nb "{]iv\hpw ho£Whpw' 1971þ hmcnIbn XpS§nb "tNmtZym¯c'hpw. BZyw aÀlqw Sn. CkvlmJen auehnbpw sI. A_vZpÃm lk\pw ]n¶oSv Sn.sI. Dss_ZpamWv "{]iv\hpw ho£Whpw' ssIImcyw sNbvXncp¶Xv. amknI \nÀ¯Â sNbvXt¸mÄ

Cu ]wàn hmcnIbnte¡v amän. aÀlqw CkvlmJen auehn Cu ]wànbnsegpXnb Iptd teJ\§fpw Sn.sI. Dss_Zv FgpXnb Iptd `mK§fpw ]p kvXI§fmbn«pWvSv. Ct¸mÄ hmcnIbn -"Zeo-Â' F¶ XqenIm\ma¯n Cu

]wàn ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xv Sn.sI. Dss_Zv BWv. CS-¡m-e-¯v "apioÀ' F¶ XqenIm\ma¯n sI. apl½Zv (ImtScn) Cu ]wàn ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶p-. XpS¡w apXte hmcnIbnse tNmtZym¯c]wàn ssIImcyw sNbvXncp¶ apPo_v (H. A_vZpÀdlvam³ kmln_v) Xs¶bmWv Ct¸mgpw Cu ]wàn ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xv.

Bibkacw

_lpssZhXzw, \ncoizcXzw, \nÀaXXzw, `uXnIhmZw, IayqWnkw, tamtUWnkw, Xo{hhmZw XpS§nb {]Øm\§fpsS t\sc {]t_m[\w F¶pw iàamb Bibkacam[yaambncp¶p. _lpssZhXzw, \ncoizcXzw, \nÀaXXzw XpS§nb AÔImc§fnÂ\n¶v {]t_m[\ ¯neqsS shfn¨¯nse¯nb ]ecpapWvSv.

{]t_m[\ ¯nsâ kzm[o\w aqew IayqWnkw, `uXnIhmZw XpS§nb AÔhnizmk§tfmSv hnS]dªhcpw IpdhÃ. bmZrOnIambn {]t_m[\w hmbn¡m\nSbmb ISp¯ PamA¯v hntcm[nIÄ Ime{Ia¯n PamA¯v {]hÀ¯Icmbn amdnb IY \nch[nbmWv. ]gb e¡§Ä Hcp d^d³kv {KÙsat¶mWw ss_âv sNbvXv kq£n¡p¶ [mcmfw hmb\¡mÀ {]t_m[\ ¯n\pWvSv. {]t_m[\ ¯neqsS Hcp ]pXnb shfn¨w, Hcp ]pXnb Aht_m[w e`n¨Xmbn, PohnX¯nsâ icnbmb AÀYhpw e£yhpw IsWvS¯nbXmbn IrXÚXm]qÀhw Adnbn¡p¶ F{Xtbm Fgp¯pIÄ Ct¸mgpw Hm^okn e`n¡mdpWvSv.

1970þIfpsS Bcw`¯n tIcf¯n cwK{]thiw sNbvX tamtUWnÌv {]Øm\s¯ BibXe¯n sNdp¯ptXmÂ]n¡p¶Xn {]t_m[\w hln¨ ]¦v AZznXobamWv. Ignª \qämWvSns³d A´y ZiI§fn DSseSp¯ Xo{hhmZ {]hWXIsfbpw hensbmcfthmfw XfÀ¯m³ {]t_m[\ ¯n\v km[n¨n«pWvSv.

kwhmZ§Ä, NÀ¨IÄ

A´Êmciq\yamb hnaÀi\§Ä¡pÅ Gähpw \à adp]Sn AXn\p t\sc \nÈ_vZX ]men¡pIbmWv F¶ \ne]mSmWv {]t_m[\w kzoIcn¨pt]m¶n«pÅXv. F¶mÂ, Ckvemans\bpw CkvemanI{]Øm\s¯bpw Ipdn¨v km[mcW¡mÀ¡nSbn sXäp[mcWIfpfhm¡m\nSbm¡ntb¡psa¶v IWvS hnaÀi\§sf {]Xn]£mZcthmsS am\yhpw bpànklhpamb coXnbn t\cnSmdpWvSv. BZy\mfpIfn Fw.kn.kn. A_vZpÀdlvam³ auehn XpS§nb apPmlnZv ]ÞnX·mcpsS PamA¯v hnaÀi\§sf lmPn kmln_v {]t_m[\ ¯neqsS t\cnSpIbpWvSmbn.

bmYmØnXnI]ÞnX·mcnÂ\n¶pWvSmb hnaÀi\§Ä¡v aÀlqw Sn. CkvlmJen auehnbpw adp]Sn FgpXnbncp¶p. ]n ¡me¯v apPmlnZv ]£¯p\n¶p WvSmb PamA¯v hnaÀi\§Ä¡v sI.kn. A_vZpà auehnbpw ssiJv apl½Zv ImcIp¶pw {]t_m[\ ¯neqsS kpZoÀLamb adp]Sn \ÂIpIbpWvSmbn. bmYmØnXnIcpsS J_vdmcm[\sb JÞn¨psImWvSv Sn.sI. C_vdmlow FgpXnb teJ\§fpw kakvX]ÞnX·mÀ PamA¯ns\Xncn {]Ncn¸n¨ Btcm]W§sf JÞn¨psImWvSv Fw.hn. apl½Zv keow FgpXnb teJ\§fpw A\pkvacWobamWv. apkvenweoKn\pthWvSn aÀlqw Sn.]n. Ip«ymap kmln_v N{µnI bneqsS \S¯nb PamA¯v hnaÀi\§Ä¡v adp]Snbmbn F.BÀ (H. A_vZpÀdlvam³) FgpXnb teJ\§fpw Cu Iq«¯n s]Sp¶p. 1980þIfn laoZv tNµawKÃqÀ tZim`nam\n bneqsSbpw F.BÀ. {]t_m[\ ¯neqsSbpw \S¯nb kpZoÀLamb hnhmZhpw A\pkvacWobamWv. Cu hnhmZ§fnseÃmw {]Xn]£w kz´w {]kn²oIcW§fneqsSbmbncp¶p X§fpsS hmZ§Ä AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv.

CcpI£nIfpw {]t_m[\ ¯neqsS Xs¶ X§fpsS hmZ§fhXcn¸n¨ Nne kwhmZ§fpw \S¡pIbpWvSmbn. 1986þ 19 F¶ kwJybpsS JpÀB\nIalXzs¯ sNmÃn {]ikvX ]ÞnX\mb ap«mWntÈcnbn tImb¡p«n auehnbpw dlvam³ ap¶qcpw X½nepw 1982þ "XncphcpÄ' F¶ JpÀB³]cn`mjmIrXnsb sNmÃn Pam ae¸pdhpw Nne aebmfkmlnXyImc·mcpw X½nepw \S¶ kwhmZ§Ä CXn\pZmlcWamWv. {]t_m[\ ¯n h¶ Nne teJ\§Ä s]mXpkwhmZ¯n\v XncnsImfp¯nb kµÀ`§fpWvSmbn«pWvSv. Fw.kn. A_vZpÃbpsS Hcp teJ\s¯ XpSÀ¶v 1991þ \S¶ kpZoÀLamb auenZv NÀ¨bpw AXn\v ap¼pWvSmb amk¸ndhn NÀ¨bpw CXn\pZmlcW§fmIp¶p. CXpIqSmsX hnhn[ Nn´mKXnIsf {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶ hyànXz§sf £Wn¨psImWvSv {]t_m[\w Xs¶ ap³ssIsbSp¯pw Nne NÀ¨IÄ kwLSn¸n¡pIbpWvSmbn. 1991þse s]mXp sXcsªSp¸v thfbn apkvenw kaqlw kzoIcnt¡WvS \ne]mSns\¡pdn¨v \S¯s¸« kwhmZhpw AXn\ptijw IayqWnk¯nsâ XIÀ¨sb XpSÀ¶v kwLSn¸n¡s¸« "Hcp ]pXnb hyhØ¡pthWvSn' F¶ NÀ¨bpw {it²bambncp¶p. tIcf¯n ]eXcw XzcoJ¯v {]Øm\§Ä {]hÀ¯\w DuÀPnXam¡nb 2004þ 2006 Imebfhn kzZvdp±o³ hmg¡mSpw sI. F. JmZnÀ ss^knbpw XzcoJ¯v kw_Ôn¨v {]t_m[\¯n FgpXnb teJ\§Ä \sÃmcp sshÚm\nI NÀ¨bmbn¯ocpIbpWSmbn. 2006þ \thm°m\s¯¡pdn¨pw apkvenw ]n¶m¡mhØsb¡pdn¨pw \S¶ NÀ¨bn apkvenw_p²nPohnIfpw kmwkvImcnI\mbI·mcpw kPohambn ]s¦Sp¯ncp¶p. {]^. sI.F PeoÂ, Sn.F AlvaZv I_oÀ, PÌnkv ]n.sI iwkp±o³ apXembhÀ A¡q«¯n s]Sp¶p. 2007þ aJv_d hyhkmbs¯¡pdn¨v kzZvdp±o³ hmg¡mSv Xbmdm¡nb teJ\w km[mcW¡mÀ¡nSbn NÀ¨m hnjbamWv. apkvenwhnZym`ymkw, aZvdkmhnZym`ymkw, kapZmb¯nsâ cmjv{Sobw, km¼¯nIcwKw, ]eni XpS§nb hnjb§sf¡pdn¨pw {]t_m[\w CS¡nsS NÀ¨IÄ kwLSn¸n¡mdpWvSv.

C¯cw kwhmZ§Ä apkvenwkaql¯nse hyXykvX hn`mK§Ä ]ckv]cw a\Ênem¡m\pw IqSpX ASp¡m\pw klmbIamIpsa¶v {]t_m[\w IcpXp¶p. kapZmssbIyhpw kwLS\IfpsS kulmÀZ]camb klhÀ¯nXzhpw A¶pw C¶pw {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ kp{][m\ e£y§fn s]«XmWv. ]WvSv Cu Bibs¯ ]pOn¨ncp¶hcpw C¶Xnsâ hàm¡fmbn amdnbncn¡p¶p F¶Xv NmcnXmÀYyP\IamWv.

hntijmÂ{]XnIÄ

hÀjwtXmdpw hntijmÂ{]XnIfnd¡p¶ ]Xnhv {]t_m[\ ¯n\nÃ. {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ Ncn{X¯nenXphsc ]t¯mfw hntijm {]XnItf {]kn²oIcn¨n«pÅq. 1970 \hw_dn amknI ]pd¯nd¡nb JpÀB³ hntijm {]XnbmWv H¶mat¯Xv. JpÀBsâ hnhn[ hi§sf kw_Ôn¨v {]apJ ]ÞnX·mÀ AhXcn¸n¨ ]T \§fmbncp¶p AXnsâ DÅS¡w. {]Xo£bn Ihnª kzoIcWamWv hmb\¡mcnÂ\n¶v Cu kvs]jen\v e`n¨Xv. amknI Xs¶ 1972þ ]pd¯nd¡nb hmÀjnI]Xn¸mbncp¶p cWvSmat¯Xv.

e_v[{]XnjvTcmb kmlnXyImc·mcpsSbpw apkvenwtemI ]ÞnX·mcpsSbpw kmlnXysshÚm\nIcN\IfpÄs¡mÅp¶ Cu hmÀjnI]Xn¸v {it²bamb Hcp hnÚm\hncp¶mbncp¶p. 1983 s^{_phcnbn ae¸pd¯n\Sp¯v ZAvh¯v \Kdn \S¶ PamAs¯ Ckveman kwØm\kt½f\¯nsâ dnt¸mÀ«pIfpw AXnehXcn¸n¡s¸« {]`mjW§fpw DÄs¡mÅn¨psImWvSnd¡nb "ZAvh¯v \KÀ kvs]jyem'bncp¶p asäm¶v. H. A_vZpÃbmbncp¶p B hntijm {]XnbpsS NpaXe hln¨ncp¶Xv. 1984 \hw_dn ]pd¯nd§nb icoA¯v kvs]jembncp¶p ASp¯ hntijmÂ{]Xn. CkvemanIicoA¯nsâbpw apkvenwt]gvkW tembpsSbpw hnhn[ hi§sf¡pdn¨v hyXykvX Nn´mKXn¡mcmb ]ÞnX·mcpw t\Xm¡fpw FgpXnb teJ\§fpÄs¡mÅp¶ B hntijmÂ]Xn¸pw hmb\¡mcpsS khntij{i²bmIÀjn¡pIbpWvSmbn. 1989 P\phcnbn ]pd¯nd¡nb apl½Zv \_n hntijmÂ{]Xnbpw {it²bambncp¶p. {]hmNIPohnXs¯bpw CkvemanIktµis¯bpw hnhn[ tImWpIfneqsS t\m¡n¡mWp¶ DÄ¡\apÅ cN\Ifm k¼pjvSamb B {]kn²oIcW¯n\v A\phmNIcnÂ\n¶v h¼n¨ hcth¸v e`n¡pIbpWvSmbn. Sn.sI.Fw. CJv_membncp¶p CXnsâ NpaXe hln¨Xv.

C´y³ PamAs¯ Ckveman Ac\qämWvSv ]n¶n« kmlNcy¯nÂ, AXnsâ Ncn{Xw AhtemI\w sNbvXpsImWvSv 1992 amÀ¨n "PamAs¯ Ckveman 50þmw hmÀjnI]Xn¸v' F¶ ioÀjI¯n {]t_m[\w Hcp kvs]jy ]Xn¸nd¡pIbpWvSmbn.

PamAs¯ CkvemanbpsS BZÀie£y§Ä, \b]cn]mSnIÄ, AXphsc \S¯nb {]hÀ¯\§Ä, KXnhnKXnIÄ, Øm]\§Ä, {]kn²oIcW§Ä, t\Xm¡Ä, PamA¯v t\cn«shÃphnfnIÄ XpS§nbhsbÃmw hyXykvX teJI·mÀ Xbmdm¡nb teJ\§fneqsS Cu ]Xn¸n kw{Kln¨n«pWvSv.

IqSmsX, ]mInkvXm³, _w¥mtZiv, IivaoÀ, {ioe¦ F¶nhnS§fn {]hÀ¯n¨psImWvSncn¡p¶ PamAs¯ CkvemanIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p. ]n.Sn. A_vZpÀdlvam\mbncp¶p Cu kvs]jy ]Xn¸nsâ amKkn³ FUnäÀ.

PamAs¯ Ckveman tIcf lÂJbpsS Aaodmbncp¶ sI.kn. A_vZpà auehn 1995 BKÌn \ncymX\mbXns\ XpSÀ¶v {]t_m[\w 1995 Unkw_dn At±ls¯ A\pkvacn¨psImWvSv Hcp kvs]jy ]Xn¸nd¡n. sI.knbpsS hyànXzs¯ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbpw {]hÀ¯\Ncn{X¯nte¡v shfn¨w hoipIbpw sN¿p¶XmWv Cu kvs]jy ]Xn¸v. ]n ¶oSv 1998 G{]nenemWv {]t_m[\w asämcp kvs]jy ]Xn¸nd¡nbXv. tIcf apkvenw \thm°m\Ncn{XamWv Cu ]Xn¸nsâ {]tabw. tIcfapkvenwIfpsS \m\mapJamb ]ptcmKXnbn kw`mh\IfÀ¸n¨ {]Øm\§Ä¡pw hyànIÄ¡pw AÀlamb Øm\w \ÂInbn«pÅ Cu ]Xn¸v kwLS\m]camb k¦pNnXXzw H«pw XoWvSm¯ kao]\amWv kzoIcn¨n«pÅXv. AtXhsc FgpXs¸«n«nÃm¯Xpw HmÀaIfn am{Xw Ahtijn¨ncp¶Xpamb ]e Ncn{XhkvXpXIfpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ Cu ]Xn¸v tIcf apkvenwIfpsS k¼qÀWamb Ncn{X\nÀamW¯n\v D]m Zm\amIm³ tbmKyamb kw`mh\bmsW¶Xn kwibanÃ. 1998 G{]nen ae¸pdw PnÃbnse th§c¡Sp¯pÅ IqcnbmSv hben kÖam¡nb lndm\Kdn \S¶ tIcf PamAs¯ Ckveman kwØm\kt½f\¯nsâ dnt¸mÀ«pIfpw AXn \S¶ {]`mjW§fpw DÄs¡mÅn¨v {]t_m[\w 2000 PqWn "lndmkvarXn' F¶ ioÀjI¯n Hcp kvs]jy ]Xn¸nd¡n. Cu cWvSp kvs]jyepIfpsSbpw amKkn³ FUnäÀ hn.Fw. C_vdmloambncp¶p.

2002þ tIcf PamAs¯ Ckveman \S¯nb "JpÀB\nte¡v shfn¨¯nte¡v' F¶ Im¼bnsâ `mKambn B hÀjw G{]nen Cd¡nb JpÀB³ hntijmÂ]Xn¸mWv {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ kvs]jy ]Xn¸pIfn Gähpw {]ikvXambXv. hnip² JpÀBsâ \m\mhi§fpw hniIe\w sN¿p¶ \nch[n ]ÞnX·mcpsS teJ\§fpÄs¡mÅp¶ Cu hntijmÂ]Xn¸v hmb\¡mcpsS hÀ[n¨ Bhiyw am\n¨v aq¶ph«w A¨Snt¡WvSnh¶p. {]t_m[\w FUntämdnb Ìm^n\p ]pdsa ]n.Sn. A_vZpÀdlvam³, apl½Zv ]m e¯v F¶nhcpw Cu hntijmÂ]Xn¸v Xbmdm¡p¶Xn ]¦phln¨n«pWvSv. 2004 PqWn "Ckvemansâ temIw' F¶ ioÀjI¯n Cd¡nb {]t_m[\w kvs]jyepw CuSpä Hcp sshÚm\nIkw`mh\bmWv. Ckvemansâ Bib{]]©w AhtemI\w sNbvXpsImWvSv BtKmf]ÞnX·mÀ Xbmdm¡nb teJ\§fmWnXnse apJy DÅS¡w. IqSmsX apkvenwcmPy§sfbpw P\XIsfbpw eLphmbn ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p. hn.Fw. C_vdmloamWv Cu kvs]jyensâ amKkn³ FUnäÀ.

2007 P\phcnbn {]t_m[\w ]pd¯nd¡nb lZokv ]Xn¸pw hmb\¡mÀ Bthi]qÀhw kzoIcn¡pIbpWSmbn. CkvemanIPohnX¯n \_nNcy¡pÅ {]m[m\yw, kp¶¯nsâ bmYmÀYyw, {]mamWnIX, \nthZ\w, kamlcWw, kwtimZ\, Ncn{Xw XpS§n lZokv hnÚm\ob¯nsâ FÃm hi§fpw km[mcW¡mÀ¡v kp{Kmlyamb `mjbnepw ssienbnepw NÀ¨ sN¿p¶ teJ\§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶XmWv lZokv ]Xn¸v. ]qÀhnIcpw B[p\nIcpamb {]apJ lZokv ]ÞnX·mscbpw {KÙImc·mscbpw {KÙ§sfbpw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p. lZokv\ntj[¯nsâ Ncn{Xhpw lZokv\ntj[nIfpsS hmZ§Ä¡pÅ JÞ\hpw Cu ]Xn¸v DÄs¡mÅp¶pWSv. tIcf¯nse lZokv\ntj[¯nsâ Ncn{Xw {]tXyIw NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶p. AXXp hnjb§fn AhKmlapÅ ]ÞnX·mcmWv teJ\§Ä Xbmdm¡nbn«pÅXv. kzZvdp±o³ hmg¡mSmWv Cu kvs]jy ]Xn¸nsâ amKkn³ FUnäÀ.

sI«nepw a«nepw h¶ amä§Ä

1949 BKÌn {]t_m[\w XpS§nbXv IhÀ DÄs¸sS 24 t]PpItfmsSbmWv. hne 4 AW (25 ss]k). ]n ¶oSv 4 t]PpIÄ hÀ[n¸n¨v IhÀ DÄs¸sS 28 t]PpIfm¡n. 1964þ {]Xn]£]{Xw \nÀ¯p¶Xphsc ]{X¯nsâ sI«pw a«pw amänbn«nÃ. hnebpw 25 ss]kbn Øncambn \n¶p.

1964þ Smt»mbnUv sskknepÅ hmcnI XpS¡¯n 12 t]PpIfmbncp¶p. hne 10 ss]k. 1973þ t]PpIfpsS F®w 8 B¡n Ipd¨p. 1978þ hmcnI 5 tImf§fpÅ 12 t]PpIfmbn hÀ[n¸n¨p. 1987þ hmcnIbpw amknIbpw kwtbmPn¸n¨v ]pkvXIcq]¯nem¡nbt¸mÄ IhÀ DÄs¸sS 36 t]Pmbncp¶p.

1964þ amknI XpS§pt¼mÄ U½n 1/8 sskkn IhÀ DÄs¸sS 68 t]PpÅ ]pkvXIcq]¯nembncp¶p. 1973þ 60 B¡n Ipd¨p. CS¡me¯v 64 B¡n hÀ[n¸ns¨¦nepw hoWvSpw 56þte¡v Ipd¨p. XpS¡¯n 50 ss]kbmbncp¶p hne. AXv A\p{Iaw hÀ[n¨v 1987þ ]{Xw \nÀ¯pt¼mÄ 2 cq]bnse¯nbncp¶p.

1987þ {]t_m[\w ]pkvXIcq]¯nem¡nbt¸mÄ U½n 1/4 sskkn IhÀ AS¡w 36 t]Pmbncp¶p. hne 1.50 cq]. CS¡me¯v t]Pv 44 B¡n hÀ[n¸n¨p. BÀ«v t]¸dn aÄ«nIfÀ IhtdmSpIqSn Cd§p¶ hmcnIbpsS Ct¸mgs¯ hne 6 cq] BWv.

PamAs¯ CkvemanbpsS apJ]{Xambncns¡¯s¶ AXv apkvenwkapZmb¯nsâ Hcp apX¡q«mWv. {]t_m[\w hmbn¡p¶hscÃmw PamA¯pImcÃ. DbÀ¶ \nehmchpw sshÚm\nIaqeyhpapÅ Hcp {]kn²oIcWambn PmXnaXI£nt`Zat\y tIcf¯nse A\phmNIÀ {]t_m[\ s¯ AwKoIcn¨n«pWvSv.

FÃm hn`mK¯nÂ\n¶papÅ Fgp¯pImÀ {]t_m[\ ¯n FgpXmdpWvSv. {]Øm\¯nsâ ho£W§Ä¡v hncp²amb ho£W§Ä t]mepw {]ISn¸n¡m³ {]t_m[\w \nÀ`bw AhÀ¡hkcw \ÂImdpapWvSv.

Cu Imebfhn ]{Xw sI«nepw a«nepw ]ehn[ amä§Ä¡v hnt[bambn«pWvSv. F¶mÂ, BZÀi¯nepw e£y¯nepw {]t_m[\ ¯n\v Ct¶mfw Hcp amähpw DWvSmbn«nÃ, C\n DWvSmhpIbpanÃ. {]Xn_Ô§tfsd {]t_m[\ ¯n\v XcWw sNt¿WvSnh¶n«pWvSv. cWvSp XhW kÀ¡mÀ AXn\v \ntcm[\w GÀs¸Sp¯n. ASnb´cmhØ Ime¯pw 1992þ _m_cn akvPnZv [zwk\s¯¯pSÀ¶pw. Cu ssI¯ncn DuXns¡Sp¯m\pZyan¡p¶ {]XntbmKnIfpsS \nc´camb B{IaWw C¶pw XpScp¶pWvSv.

km¼¯nImhØ

km¼¯nIem`w {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ e£yambncp¶n«nÃ. ]et¸mgpw I\¯ \jvSw GÂt¡WvSn hcmdpWvSv. {]t_m[\ ¯n ]cky§Ä IpdhmWv. In«p¶ FÃm ]cky§fpw {]kn²oIcn¡mdpanÃ. {]t_m[\ ¯nse ]cky§Ä¡v hmb\¡mÀ Hcp {]tXyI hnizmkyX IÂ]n¡mdpWvSv. AXn\m \ymbsa¶pw kXysa¶pw Øm]\¯n\v t_m[ys¸« ]cky§Ä am{Xta kzoIcn¡mdpÅq. F¦nepw ASp¯ Ime¯mbn Ipds¨ms¡ ]cky§Ä e`n¨psImWvSncn¡p¶pWvSv.

AXn\m GXm\pw hÀj§fmbn Poh\¡mÀ¡v kmam\yw t`Zs¸« thX\w \ÂIns¡mWvSpXs¶ t\cnb em`¯nemWv {]t_m[\w {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv. em`ambn In«p¶Xv PamAs¯ Ckveman {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡mbn hn\ntbmKn¡p¶p.

C¶v aebmf¯nse Gähpw sa¨s¸« CkvemanI{]kn²oIcWw {]t_m[\ amsW¶v \nÊwibw ]dbm³ Ignbpw. FÃmw XnIªp F¶Ã. sXäp]än F¶v t_m[yambt¸msgms¡ AXv Xncp¯m³ R§Ä {ian¨n«pWvSv. {]t_m[\w H¶mw e¡¯nsâ apJ{]kwK¯nse Cu hcnIÄ Xs¶bmWv {]t_m[\ s¯ Ct¸mgpw \bn¡p¶Xv: "a\pjycn R§Ä¡v i{Xp¡fmbn Bcpw Xs¶bnÃ. FÃm kapZmb¡mscbpw hÀK¡mscbpw ktlmZc§fmbn«mWv R§Ä ho£n¡p¶Xv. kXyw AsXhnsSbmsW¦nepw, GXp kapZmb¯nsâtbm hÀK¯nsâtbm ssIhiamsW¦nepw R§fpsS an{XamWv. AkXyw AXv R§fn Xs¶bmsW¦nepw R§fpsS i{XphmWv.'

{]t_m[\ ¯nsâ Gähpw henb aqe[\w AXnsâ hmb\¡mcpw AhÀ¡v ]{Xw F¯n¨psImSp¡p¶ GPâpamcpamWv. AÃmlphn\ptijw Cu {]kn²oIcWs¯ C{Xbpw Imew \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw hfÀ¯pIbpw sNbvX iàn AhcmWv. Acn hm§nbnsænepw {]t_m[\w hm§Wsa¶v \nÀ_ÔapÅ Ht«sd hmb\¡mÀ Cu {]kn²oIcW¯n\pWvSv. kz´w I¨hSØm]\w ]q «nbn«pw {]t_m[\w hn¡m\nd§p¶ GPâpamcpw CkvemanI{]hÀ¯IcpapWvSv. {]t_m[\ ¯n\v sXäp]äpt¼mÄ kzbw sXäp sNbvXXpt]mse ZpxJn¡p¶hÀ, sXäpIÄ Xncp¯n¡mWm³ sh¼Â sImÅp¶hÀ, {]t_m[\ ¯nsâ t\«§sf kz´w t\«§fmbn¡WvSv BËmZn¡p¶hÀ, t{]m Õmln¸n¡p¶hÀ. AhtcmsSms¡ {]t_m[\ ¯n\pÅ IS¸mSv AhÀW\obamWv. AhcpsSsbms¡ tkh\§Ä C\nbpw {]t_m[\ ¯n\mhiyapWvSv. AXpsWvS¦n GsdZqcw apt¶m«pt]mhm³ {]t_m[\ ¯n\v Ignbpsa¶Xn kwibanÃ. {]t_m[\ ¯n\v IqSpX IqSpX tkh\§fÀ¸n¡m³ AXnsâ FÃm {]hÀ¯IÀ¡pw hmb\¡mÀ¡pw, {]t_m[\ ¯neqsS apkvenwkapZmb¯n\pw CkvemanI{]hÀ¯IÀ¡pw IqSpX IqSpX shfn¨w ]IÀ¶psImSp¡m³ AXnsâ {]hÀ¯IÀ¡pw AÃmlp Xu^otJIpamdmIs«. FÃmhcpsSbpw tkh\§Ä¡v Ah³ AÀlamb {]Xn^ew \ÂIpIbpw sN¿pamdmIs« þBao³.